Metástasis Cerebrales

[Metástasis Cerebrales]

Yassir Ruiz Guardia1

1. Centro de Tratamiento Novalis Hospital Punta Pacífica Instituto Oncológico Nacional;

Publicado: 2013-10-10

Descargas

Resumen

Las metástasis cerebrales son la siembra de células neoplásicas en el parénquima cerebral y ocurrirán en 40% de los pacientes con cáncer y será responsable del 40% de las muertes.  En Panamá hubo 5432 casos nuevos de cáncer en 2009 y en Estados Unidos se reportan cerca de 200 mil casos anuales.  El 20% de los pacientes con cáncer debutan con síntomas neurológicos asociados.  El desarrollo de metástasis cerebrales no es una condición sine qua non de muerte inmediata y existen por lo menos 4 sistemas de clasificación pronóstica que toman en cuenta factores clínicos y de tratamiento, que se utilizan como herramientas para la elección del tratamiento óptimo.  Es necesario conocer los sitios primarios frecuentes, los mecanismos de patogenia, las modalidades óptimas para el diagnóstico temprano y los tratamientos médicos, quirúrgicos y oncológicos disponibles, los resultados y los efectos colaterales asociados para obtener un balance adecuado beneficio-complicaciones.  La Radioterapia en cualquiera de sus modalidades es el tratamiento pivote ya que los pacientes candidatos a cirugía comprenden solo un 10% del total.

 

Brain metastases

Summary

Brain metastases are the planting of neoplastic cells in the brain parenchyma and occur in 40% of patients with cancer and are responsible for 40% of deaths. In Panama there were 5432 new cases of cancer in 2009 and in the United States about 200 thousand cases a year are reported. 20% of cancer patients present with associated neurological symptoms. The development of brain metastases is not a sine qua non of immediate death and there are at least 4 prognostic classification systems that take into account clinical and treatment factors, which are used as tools for choosing the optimal treatment. You need to know the common primary sites, mechanisms of pathogenesis, optimal methods for early diagnosis and medical, surgical and oncological treatments available, the results and the side effects associated for proper assessment of the benefit-complications. Radiotherapy in all its forms is the pivot treatment because patients’ candidates for surgery comprise only 10% of the total.

 

Key Word: Metástasis cerebrales, células neoplásicas, cáncer, tratamientos oncológicos


Abstract

Las metástasis cerebrales son la siembra de células neoplásicas en el parénquima cerebral y ocurrirán en 40% de los pacientes con cáncer y será responsable del 40% de las muertes.  En Panamá hubo 5432 casos nuevos de cáncer en 2009 y en Estados Unidos se reportan cerca de 200 mil casos anuales.  El 20% de los pacientes con cáncer debutan con síntomas neurológicos asociados.  El desarrollo de metástasis cerebrales no es una condición sine qua non de muerte inmediata y existen por lo menos 4 sistemas de clasificación pronóstica que toman en cuenta factores clínicos y de tratamiento, que se utilizan como herramientas para la elección del tratamiento óptimo.  Es necesario conocer los sitios primarios frecuentes, los mecanismos de patogenia, las modalidades óptimas para el diagnóstico temprano y los tratamientos médicos, quirúrgicos y oncológicos disponibles, los resultados y los efectos colaterales asociados para obtener un balance adecuado beneficio-complicaciones.  La Radioterapia en cualquiera de sus modalidades es el tratamiento pivote ya que los pacientes candidatos a cirugía comprenden solo un 10% del total.

 

Brain metastases

Summary

Brain metastases are the planting of neoplastic cells in the brain parenchyma and occur in 40% of patients with cancer and are responsible for 40% of deaths. In Panama there were 5432 new cases of cancer in 2009 and in the United States about 200 thousand cases a year are reported. 20% of cancer patients present with associated neurological symptoms. The development of brain metastases is not a sine qua non of immediate death and there are at least 4 prognostic classification systems that take into account clinical and treatment factors, which are used as tools for choosing the optimal treatment. You need to know the common primary sites, mechanisms of pathogenesis, optimal methods for early diagnosis and medical, surgical and oncological treatments available, the results and the side effects associated for proper assessment of the benefit-complications. Radiotherapy in all its forms is the pivot treatment because patients’ candidates for surgery comprise only 10% of the total.

 

Key Word: Metástasis cerebrales, células neoplásicas, cáncer, tratamientos oncológicos

Biografía del autor/a

Yassir Ruiz Guardia, Centro de Tratamiento Novalis Hospital Punta Pacífica Instituto Oncológico Nacional

Título: Doctor en Medicina. Universidad de Panamá

Especialidad: Medicina Interna. Hospital Santo Tomás

Postítulo: Radio-Oncología.  Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

 

Citas

[1] República de Panamá. Ministerio de Salud. Registro Nacional del Cáncer. Disponible en: http://190.34.154.93/rncp/sites/all/files/BOLETIN%20PUBLICADO-%20TUMORES%20OFICIALES%202009.pdf

[2] Fox BD, Cheung VJ, Patel AJ, Suki D, Rao G. Epidemiology of metastatic brain tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2011; 22: 1.

[3] Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Sloan AE, Davis FG, Vigneau FD, Lai P, Sawaya RE. Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2865

[4] Okunief P. et al. Metastasic disease: bone, spinal cord, brain, liver and lung. In Gunderson L, Tepper J. Clinical Radiation Oncology. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. p. 421-442.

[5] Gaspar L, Scott C, Rotman M, Asbell S, Phillips T, Wasserman T, McKenna WG, Byhardt R. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 37: 745.

[6] Sperduto PW, Berkey B, Gaspar LE, Mehta M, Curran W. A new prognostic index and comparison to three other indices for patients with brain metastases: an analysis of 1,960 patients in the RTOG database. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70: 510.

[7] Dietrich J, Rao K, Pastorino S, Kesari S. Corticosteroids in brain cancer patients: benefits and pitfalls. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2011; 4: 233.

[8] Vecht CJ, Hovestadt A, Verbiest HB, van Vliet JJ, van Putten WL. Dose-effect relationship of dexamethasone on Karnofsky performance in metastatic brain tumors: a randomized study of doses of 4, 8, and 16 mg per day. Neurology 1994; 44: 675.

[9] Hempen C, Weiss E, Hess CF. Dexamethasone treatment in patients with brain metastases and primary brain tumors: do the benefits outweigh the side-effects? Support Care Cancer 2002; 10: 322.

[10] Ryken TC, McDermott M, Robinson PD, Ammirati M, Andrews DW, Asher AL, Burri SH, Cobbs CS, Gaspar LE, Kondziolka D, Linskey ME, Loeffler JS, Mehta MP, Mikkelsen T, Olson JJ, Paleologos NA, Patchell RA, Kalkanis SN. The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 2010; 96: 103.

[11] Sirven JI, Wingerchuk DM, Drazkowski JF, Lyons MK, Zimmerman RS. Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1489.

[12] Tremont-Lukats IW, Ratilal BO, Armstrong T, Gilbert MR. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in people with brain tumors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; CD004424.

[13] Forsyth PA, Weaver S, Fulton D, Brasher PM, Sutherland G, Stewart D, Hagen NA, Barnes P, Cairncross JG, DeAngelis LM. Prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with brain tumour. Can J Neurol Sci 2003; 30: 106.

[14] Ramakrishna N. Management of brain metastases. In De Salles AAF. Shaped Beam Radiosurgery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2011. p. 139-148.

[15] Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1485.

[16] Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 494.

[17] Pollock BE, Brown PD, Foote RL, Stafford SL, Schomberg PJ. Properly selected patients with multiple brain metastases may benefit from aggressive treatment of their intracranial disease. J Neurooncol 2003; 61: 73.

[18] DeAngelis LM, Delattre JY, Posner JB. Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain metastases. Neurology 1989; 39: 789.

[19] Regine WF, Scott C, Murray K, Curran W. Neurocognitive outcome in brain metastases patients treated with accelerated-fractionation vs. accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy: an analysis from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 91-04. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51: 711.

[20] Li J, Bentzen SM, Renschler M, Mehta MP. Regression after whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases correlates with survival and improved neurocognitive function. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1260.

[21] Clouston PD, DeAngelis LM, Posner JB. The spectrum of neurological disease in patients with systemic cancer. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 268.

×